Carbon Coal
carbon coal
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Coal Carbon $33.95 BRONZclay Essential BRONZclay projects must fired in a reducing atmosphere to allow metal particles to sinter properly, producing a strong finished project. To accomplish this, surround projects with activated carbon during firing. Coal-based, acid-washed carbon creates a richly colorful patina on pieces as they and 39;re fired. Long-lasting carbon withstands about 100 hours of firing. Use 63424 Stainless Steel Firing Pan to hold carbon. 5 lbs. |
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Applied Coal Petrology: The Role of Petrology in Coal Utilization $208.99 This book is an integrated approach towards the applications of coal (organic) petrology and discusses the role of this science in the field of coal and coal-related topics. Coal petrology needs to be seen as a continuum of organic (macerals) and inorganic (minerals and trace elements) contributions to the total coal structure, with the overprint of coal rank. All this influences the behavior of coal in utilization, the coal by-products, the properties of coal as a reservoir for methane or a sequestration site for carbon dioxide, and the relationships of coal utilization with health and environmental issues. The interaction of coal properties and coal utilization begins at the mine face. The breakage of the coal in mining influences its subsequent beneficiation. Beneficiation is fundamental to the proper combustion of coal and is vital to the preparation of the feedstock for the production of metallurgical coke. An understanding of basic coal properties is important for achieving reductions in trace element emissions and improving the efficiency of combustion and combined-cycle gasification. The production of methane from coal beds is related to the properties of the in situ coal. Similarly, coal bed sequestration of carbon dioxide produced from combustion is dependent on the reservoir properties. Environmental problems accompany coal on its way from the mine to the point of utilization and beyond. Health aspects related with coal mining and coal utilization are also included because, in planning for coal use, it is impossible to separate environmental and health issues from the discussion of coal utilization. The book is aimed at a wide audience, ranging from researchers, lecturers and students to professionals in industry and discusses issues (such as the environmental, and health) that are of concern to the general public as a whole. Key Features: - This book focuses on the applications of coal (organic) petrology to our modern society. - It is an integrated approach to help the reader appreciate the importance of coal quality and coal utilization. Coal composition (macerals, mineral, trace elements) and the overprint of coal rank are treated together. - The book synthesises all the possibilities of the organic petrology as a tool for coal utilization in conventional applications (mining and beneficiation, coal combustion, gasification, liquefaction, carbonization), as a precursor of carbon materials and as a petroleum source and reservoir rock. - The role of applied petrology in the characterization of solid by-products from coal utilization is also discussed. - In addition, this book describes the present status of environmental and health problems linked to coal utilization and the ways in which such problems might be overcome in the future. |
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Coal Gasification and Its Applications $148.16 Skyrocketing energy costs have spurred renewed interest in coal gasification. Currently available information on this subject needs to be updated, however, and focused on specific coals and end products. For example, carbon capture and sequestration, previously given little attention, now has a prominent role in coal conversion processes. This book approaches coal gasification and related technologies from a process engineering point of view, with topics chosen to aid the process engineer who is interested in a complete, coal-to-products system. It provides a perspective for engineers and scientists who analyze and improve components of coal conversion processes. The first topic describes the nature and availability of coal. Next, the fundamentals of gasification are described, followed by a description of gasification technologies and gas cleaning processes. The conversion of syngas to electricity, fuels and chemicals is then discussed. Finally, process economics are covered. Emphasis is given to the selection of gasification technology based on the type of coal fed to the gasifier and desired end product: E.g., lower temperature gasifiers produce substantial quantities of methane, which is undesirable in an ammonia synthesis feed. This book also reviews gasification kinetics which is informed by recent papers and process design studies by the US Department of Energy and other groups, and also largely ignored by other gasification books. - Approaches coal gasification and related technologies from a process engineering point of view, providing a perspective for engineers and scientists who analyze and improve components of coal conversion processes - Describes the fundamentals of gasification, gasification technologies, and gas cleaning processes - Emphasizes the importance of the coal types fed to the gasifier and desired end products - Covers gasification kinetics, which was largely ignored by other gasification books Provides a perspective for engineers and scientists who analyze and improve components of the coal conversion processes Describes the fundamentals of gasification, gasification technologies, and gas cleaning processes Covers gasification kinetics, which was largely ignored by other gasification books |
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Carbon $118 Carbon: |
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Big Coal: The Dirty Secret Behind America's Energy Future $3.95 Long dismissed as a relic of a bygone era, coal is back -- with a vengence. Coal is one of the nation's biggest and most influential industries -- Big Coal provides more than half the electricity consumed by Americans today -- and its dominance is growing, driven by rising oil prices and calls for energy independence. Is coal the solution to America's energy problems? On close examination, the glowing promise of coal quickly turns to ash. Coal mining remains a deadly and environmentally destructive industry. Nearly forty percent of the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere each year comes from coal-fired power plants. In the last two decades, air pollution from coal plants has killed more than half a million Americans. In this eye-opening call to action, Goodell explains the costs and consequences of America's addiction to coal and discusses how we can kick the habit. |
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Carbon County $13.56 Nowhere in Pennsylvania is there a sychronicity between geography and history as there is in Carbon County. Intersected by the majestic Lehigh River in the picturesque Pocono Mountains, this is a county built on the discovery of anthracite coal, the fortitude of early settlers, and the boundless imaginations of men like Josiah White, Erskine Hazard, and Asa Packer. For over a century, Carbon County's breathtaking scenery, stunning Victorian architecture, and natural landmarks, such as Hitcheltooth Cliffs and Glen Onoko Falls, have attracted travelers. Whether riding on the hair-raising Switchback Railroad or staying at the American Hotel (now the Inn at Jim Thorpe), travelers loved postcards, many of which are featured in this book. Compiled from some of the finest collections of vintage postcards in the state, Carbon County is a visual treasure documenting the haunting beauty and idiosyncrasies of the area. |
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Coal $3.95 Formed over millions of years, coal is a sedimentary rock that has been mined by people for use as fuel at least as far back as 1000 BC. This fascinating new book shows the basic make-up of coal, how it is mined, and the problems its use has created. |
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Activated Carbon - 3.5 oz. $3.19 Black Magic Activated Carbon is a professional grade, coal-based carbon for use in freshwater and marine aquariums. Fast acting and highly active, it aggressively removes odors, colors, organic pollutants, toxic compounds and medications. Black Magic Activated Carbon is used by professional aquarists and breeders, and is recommended for any home aquarium where maximizing the removal of contaminants is desired. |
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Blackout: Coal, Climate and the Last Energy Crisis $12.27 Coal fuels about 50% of US electricity production and provides a quarter of the country's total energy. China and India's ferocious economic growth is based on coal-generated electricity. Coal currently looks like a solution to many of our fast-growing energy problems. However, while coal advocates are urging full steam ahead, increasing reliance on the dirtiest of all fossil fuels has crucial implications for climate science, energy policy, the world economy, and geopolitics. Drawbacks to a coal-based energy strategy include: Scarcity--new studies prove that the peak of usable coal production may actually be less than two decades away. Cost--the quality of produced coal is declining, while the expense of transport is rising, leading to spiralling costs and potential shortages. Climate impacts--our ability to deal with the historic challenge of climate change may hinge on reducing our coal consumption in future years. Blackout goes to the heart of the tough energy questions that will dominate every sphere of public policy throughout the first half of this century, and it is a must-read for planners, educators, and anyone concerned about energy consumption, peak oil, and climate change. Richard Heinberg is a journalist, editor, lecturer, and senior fellow of the Post Carbon Institute. He is one of the world's foremost peak oil educators and the award-winning author of seven previous books, including Peak Everything and The Party's Over. |
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Activated Filter Carbon - 7 oz. $4.99 Activated Filter Carbon is a unique, lightweight, coal based carbon developed to work effectively in aquariums. This exceptional carbon removes organic waste, odors, colors, medications, and toxins through chemical adsorption. Activated carbon is quick-acting, promoting fish health by creating cleaner, clearer water, and does not elevate phosphate levels. When changing water or adding fish, use Stress Coat to remove chlorine, reduce stress and promote the healing of damaged tissue. |
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Activated Filter Carbon - 22 oz. $8.79 Activated Filter Carbon is a unique, lightweight, coal based carbon developed to work effectively in aquariums. This exceptional carbon removes organic waste, odors, colors, medications, and toxins through chemical adsorption. Activated carbon is quick-acting, promoting fish health by creating cleaner, clearer water, and does not elevate phosphate levels. When changing water or adding fish, use Stress Coat to remove chlorine, reduce stress and promote the healing of damaged tissue. |
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Carbon Dioxide Removal from Coal-Fired Power Plants $207.1 This book is in New - Excellent condition |
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Ridge Valley: Living Life in a Coal Mining Town $32.36 Ridge Valley is the story of a mining town, located in the vast Connellsville Coke region in Southwestern Pennsylvania. Founded in the early 1900's the Ridge Valley mine was worked by hundreds of European immigrants to extract its treasure. Growing up in the "Patch" in the late teens and early 1920's are teenagers John, Jerry, Bull and Corky who soon face a calamity at the mine that immediately propels them into adulthood. In Carbon Hill, Alabama, Leroy Johnson, a Negro teen will accompany his father north. Willie and his son join them along with many other recruits from the south to work in the northern coalfields. Leroy will become friends with John and because of his father's illness faces the reality of becoming the head of his family. The workers, in order to gain a fair wage; recognition of a union and a "checkweigh" man to work with the company weighmaster, face the dictatorial control of the Coal Barons, The miners go on strike and face the industrialists who use their power to hire their own Coal and Iron Police to help destroy any union organizational plans. John will be directly involved with the clash of wills between the two groups. Read about Patty the old miner, Bella the matriarch of the Johnson family, Willie, Dolly, Tony, Rufus and the people living, surviving, and dying in the coal mining 'Patch" of RidgeValley. |
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Inventing Pollution: Coal, Smoke, and Culture in Britain Since 1800 $27.76 Britain's supremacy in the nineteenth century depended in large part on its vast deposits of coal. This coal not only powered steam engines in factories, ships, and railway locomotives but also warmed homes and cooked food. As coal consumption skyrocketed, the air in Britain's cities and towns became filled with ever-greater and denser clouds of smoke. In this far-reaching study, Peter Thorsheim explains that, for much of the nineteenth century, few people in Britain even considered coal smoke to be pollution. To them, pollution meant miasma: invisible gases generated by decomposing plant and animal matter. Far from viewing coal smoke as pollution, most people considered smoke to be a valuable disinfectant, for its carbon and sulfur were thought capable of rendering miasma harmless. Inventing Pollution examines the radically new understanding of pollution that emerged in the late nineteenth century, one that centered not on organic decay but on coal combustion. This change, as Peter Thorsheim argues, gave birth to the smoke-abatement movement and to new ways of thinking about the relationships among humanity, technology, and the environment. |
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Super Activated Carbon - 44 oz. $26.99 Black Magic Super Activated Carbon is a highly active, coal based carbon used in research laboratories and universities. The patented activation process used in its production yields a high purity, premium grade carbon with optimal pore structure and a large surface area for maximal adsorption. Its unique design provides fast, continuous and thorough removal of odors, colors, organic pollutants, toxic compounds and medications. The result is a cleaner, healthier aquarium enviroment. This product is ideal for freshwater, marine and reef aquariums containing sensitive fish, plants, and invertebrates. |
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Super Activated Carbon - 24 lb. $129.99 Black Magic Super Activated Carbon is a highly active, coal based carbon used in research laboratories and universities. The patented activation process used in its production yields a high purity, premium grade carbon with optimal pore structure and a large surface area for maximal adsorption. Its unique design provides fast, continuous and thorough removal of odors, colors, organic pollutants, toxic compounds and medications. The result is a cleaner, healthier aquarium enviroment. This product is ideal for freshwater, marine and reef aquariums containing sensitive fish, plants, and invertebrates. |
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Cuisinart DCC-RWF *Triple Pack* Charcoal Water Filters; 1 Year Supply (6 total) $10.78 These are after market filters that are specifically designed for Cuisinart coffeemakers, and meet or exceed factory specifications. Filters meet FDA requirements,... |
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Brita Water Pitcher Replacement Filter $62.50 No Sales Tax Low cost shipping High quality... |
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Cuisinart DCC-RWF-6PK Charcoal Water Filters, 2 Year Supply, Includes 6 DCC-RWF packages. 2 Filters $21.79 The Cuisinart DCC-RWF-6PK Charcoal Water Filters, 2 Year Supply, Includes 6 DCC-RWF packages. 2 Filters Per Package a Total of Twelve [12] Filters. fits models BC-00PC2 CBC-00 CBC-002 CBC-00BJ2 CBC-00BWBJ CBC-00BWPC CBC-00PC2 CBC-00PC4 CBC-00PC5 CBC-00SA CBC-00SA2 CBC-00SA3 CBC-00WPC CBC-4400 COD-400PC DCC-100 DCC-1000 DCC-1100 DCC-1200 DCC-1400 DCC-15BKBJ1 DCC-15WBJ DCC-200 DCC-2000 DCC-2200 DCC-... |
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Distiller Charcoal Filters 12pk $13.95 Activated Carbon Filters... |
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Broan 682 Plastic-Grille Duct-Free Ventilation Fan with Charcoal Filter, White $29.40 Broan 682 Duct-Free Ventilation Fan Patented, Fast Snap-In Metal Housing Installation. Whisper-Quiet Fan Circulates Air Past Replaceable Activated Charcoal Filter. Easy to Install. No Duct Work Required Ð Perfect for Applications Where Ducting is Impossible or Impractical. Attractive, White Molded Grilles. Single Packs Type IC Fits 2" X 4" Construction... |
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4 x 12 Hydroponics Inline Duct Fan & Scrubber Carbon Air Filter Combo Kit $79.99 In-Line Duct Fans offer innovation and performance at a great price. Fan Features: Quiet Operation Filter Details: |
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Coal & Nuclear: Problem or Solution? $1.99 ... |
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60 Minutes - Powered by Coal (April 26, 2009) $17.95 Airdate 4/26/09 Coal is America's cheapest and most abundant fossil fuel, and it generates nearly half the electricity on earth. But coal is also one of the most polluting sources of energy, and its carbon dioxide emissions are contributing to global warming. Is clean coal possible? If so, can coal emission be eliminated before it's too late to undo the damage to the planet? Scott Pelley reports... |
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The History Channel : Modern Marvels - Carbon : The Chemistry , Science and Practical Uses of The Material From diamonds to daffodils, from pencils to space shuttles, carbon is at the heart of almost everything beautiful, useful and necessary on Earth. It is the chemical foundation of life and of modern technology. Carbon burns hotter, cuts deeper, insulates more thoroughly and absorbs more fully than any other material. Take a captivating MODERN MARVELS® tour of the seemingly limitless applications ... |
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Dr. Scholl's Odor-X Odor Fighting Insoles, 1-Pair Packages (Pack of 4) $16.08 Concentrated layer of ultra-effective activated charcoal absorbs and neutralizes unpleasant odors.... |
Georgia: Coal and Carbon
Environmental Problems Associated With Burning of Coal
Coal is a naturally occurring combustible material consisting primarily of the element carbon. It also contains low percentages of solid, liquid, and gaseous hydrocarbons and/or other materials, such as compounds of nitrogen and sulfur. The physical, chemical, and other properties of coal vary considerably from sample to sample. Coal is usually classified into subgroups known as anthracite, bituminous, lignite, and peat. At some periods in Earth's history, however, conditions existed that made other forms of decay possible. The bodies of dead plants and animals underwent only partial decay. The products remaining from this partial decay are coal, oil, and natural gas—the so-called fossil fuels. To imagine how such changes may have occurred, we may consider the following possibility. A plant dies in a swampy area and is quickly covered with water, silt, sand, and other sediments. These materials prevent the plant debris from reacting with oxygen in the air and decomposing to carbon dioxide and water, a process that would occur under normal circumstances. Instead, anaerobic bacteria attack the plant debris and convert it to simpler forms: primarily pure carbon and hydrocarbons, the simplest compounds of carbon and hydrogen. The initial stage of the decay of a dead plant is a soft, woody material known as peat. In some parts of the world, peat is still collected from boggy areas and used as a fuel. It is not a good fuel, however, as it burns poorly and produces a great deal of smoke. If peat is allowed to remain in the ground for long periods of time, it eventually becomes compacted. Layers of sediment, known as over-burden, collect above it. The additional pressure and heat of the overburden gradually converts peat into another form of coal known as lignite or brown coal. Continued compaction by overburden then converts lignite into bituminous coal and finally, into anthracite coal. Coal has been formed at many times in the past, but most abundantly during the Carboniferous Age (about 300 million years ago) and again during the Upper Cretaceous Age (about 100 million years ago). Today, coal formed by these processes is often found layered between other layers of sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock is formed when sand; silt, clay, and similar materials are packed together under heavy pressure. In some cases, the coal layers may lie at or very near Earth's surface. In other cases, they may be buried thousands of feet underground. Coal seams usually range from no more than 3 to 200 feet (1 to 60 meters) in thickness. The location and configuration of a coal seam determines the method by which the coal will be mined. Coal is classified according to its heating value and according to the percentage of carbon it contains. For example, anthracite contains the highest proportion of pure carbon (about 86 to 98 percent) and has the highest heat value of all forms of coal. Bituminous coal generally has lower concentrations of pure carbon (from 46 to 86 percent) and lower heat values. Bituminous coals are often subdivided on the basis of their heat value, being classified as low, medium, and high volatile bituminous and subbituminous. Lignite, the poorest of the true coals in terms of heat value, generally contains about 46 to 60 percent pure carbon. All forms of coal also contain other elements present in living organisms, such as sulfur and nitrogen, that are very low in absolute numbers but that have important environmental consequences when coals are used as fuels. By far the most important property of coal is the hard fact that it burns. When the pure carbon and hydrocarbons, found in coal burn completely, only two products: carbon dioxide and water are formed. During this chemical reaction, a relatively large amount of heat energy is released. For this reason, coal has long been used by humans as a source of energy for heating homes and other buildings, running ships and trains, and in many industrial processes. However, the complete combustion of carbon and hydrocarbons rarely occurs in nature. If the temperature is not high enough or sufficient oxygen is not provided to the fuel, combustion of these materials is usually incomplete. During the incomplete combustion of carbon and hydrocarbons, other products besides carbon dioxide and water are formed. These products include carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and other forms of pure carbon, such as soot. During the combustion of coal, minor constituents are also oxidized. For example, sulfur is converted to sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide, and nitrogen and its compounds are converted to nitrogen oxides. The incomplete combustion of coal and the combustion of these minor constituents results in a number of environmental problems. For example, soot formed during incomplete combustion may settle out of the air and deposit an unattractive coating on homes, cars, buildings, and other structures. Carbon monoxide formed during incomplete combustion is a toxic gas and may cause illness or death in humans and other animals. Oxides of sulfur and nitrogen react with water vapor in the atmosphere and then settle out in the air as acid rain that is thought to be responsible for the destruction of certain forms of plant and animal, especially fish -life. In addition to these compounds, coal often contains a small percentage of mineral matter (quartz, calcite, or perhaps clay minerals). Since these components do not burn readily, they become part of the ash formed during combustion. This ash then either escapes into the atmosphere or is left in the combustion vessel and is discarded. Sometimes coal ash also contains significant amounts of other elements such as lead, barium, arsenic etc. Whether airborne or in bulk, coal ash can therefore be a serious environmental hazard. Coal is extracted from Earth using one of two major methods: sub-surface or surface (strip) mining. Subsurface mining is used when seams of coal are located at significant depths below Earth's surface. The first step in subsurface mining is to dig vertical tunnels into the earth until the coal seam is reached. Horizontal tunnels are then constructed off the vertical tunnel. In many cases, the preferred way of mining coal by this method is called room-and-pillar mining. In room-and-pillar mining, vertical columns of coal (the pillars) are left in place as the coal around them is removed. The pillars hold up the ceiling of the seam, preventing it from collapsing on miners working around them. After the mine has been abandoned, however, those pillars may collapse, bringing down the ceiling of the seam and causing the collapse of land above the old mine. Surface mining can be used when a coal seam is close enough to Earth's surface to allow the overburden to be removed easily and inexpensively. In such cases, the first step is to strip off all of the overburden in order to reach the coal itself. The coal is then scraped out by huge power shovels, some capable of removing up to 100 cubic meters at a time. Strip mining is a far safer form of coal mining for coal workers, but it presents a number of environmental problems. In most instances, an area that has been strip-mined is terribly scarred. Restoring the area to its original state can be a long and expensive procedure. In addition, any water that comes in contact with the exposed coal or overburden may become polluted and require treatment. Coal is regarded as a nonrenewable resource, meaning it is not replaced easily or readily. Once a nonrenewable resource has been used up, it is gone for a very long time into the future, if not forever. Coal fits that description, since it was formed many millions of years ago but is not being formed in significant amounts any longer. Therefore, the amount of coal that now exists below Earth's surface is, for all practical purposes, all the coal available for the foreseeable future. When this supply of coal is used up, humans will find it necessary to find some other substitute to meet their energy needs. Large supplies of coal are known to exist or thought to be available in many parts of the world. For many centuries, coal was burned in small stoves to produce heat in homes and factories. As the use of natural gas became widespread in the latter part of the twentieth century, coal oil and coal gas quickly became unpopular since they were somewhat smoky and foul smelling. Today, the most important use of coal, both directly and indirectly, is still as a fuel, but the largest single consumer of coal for this purpose is the electrical power industry. The combustion of coal in power-generating plants is used to make steam, which, in turn, operates turbines and generators. The gravity of the situation may be realized from the fact that for a period of more than 40 years beginning in 1940, the amount of coal used in the United States for this purpose is said to be doubled in every decade. Although coal is no longer widely used to heat homes and buildings, it is still used in industries such as paper production, cement and ceramic manufacture, iron and steel production, and chemical manufacture for heating and for steam generation. Another use for coal is in the manufacture of coke. Coke is nearly pure carbon produced when soft coal is heated in the absence of air. In most cases, 1 ton of coal will produce 0.7 ton of coke in this process. Coke is valuable in industry because it has a heat value higher than any form of natural coal. It is widely used in steelmaking and in certain chemical processes. A number of processes have been developed by which solid coal can be converted to a liquid or gaseous form for use as a fuel. Conversion has a number of advantages. In a liquid or gaseous form, the fuel may be easier to transport. Also, the conversion process removes a number of impurities from the original coal that have environmental disadvantages. One of these conversion methods is known as gasification. In gasification, crushed coal is forced to react with steam and either air or pure oxygen. The coal is converted into a complex mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons with appreciable heat values. One day it may be possible to construct gasification systems within a coal mine, making it much easier to remove the coal, in a gaseous form, from its original seam. In the process of liquefaction, solid coal is converted to a petroleum-like liquid that can be used as a fuel for motor vehicles and other applications. On the one hand, both liquefaction and gasification are attractive technologies because of its very large coal resources. On the other hand, the wide availability of raw coal means that expensive new technologies have been unable to compete economically with the natural product.
About the Author
Dr.Badruddin Khan teaches chemistry in the University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.
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